THE MAJOR ATTRIBUTES OF LEADERSHIP

The following are important factors of leadership:

1. UNWAVERING COURAGE. based upon knowledge of self, and of one's occupation. No follower wishes to be dominated by a leader who lacks self-confidence and courage. No intelligent follower will be dominated by such a leader very long.

2. SELF-CONTROL. The man who cannot control himself, can never control others. Self-control sets a mighty example for one's followers, which the more intelligent will emulate.

3. A KEEN SENSE OF JUSTICE. Without a sense of fairness and justice, no leader can command and retain the respect of his followers.

4. DEFINITENESS OF DECISION. The man who wavers in his decisions, shows that he is not sure of himself. He cannot lead others successfully.

5. DEFINITENESS OF PLANS. The successful leader must plan his work, and work his plan. A leader who moves by guesswork, without practical, definite plans, is comparable to a ship without a rudder. Sooner or later he will land on the rocks.

6. THE HABIT OF DOING MORE THAN PAID FOR. One of the penalties of leadership is the necessity of willingness, upon the part of the leader, to do more than he requires of his followers.

7. A PLEASING PERSONALITY. No slovenly, careless person can become a successful leader. Leadership calls for respect. Followers will not respect a leader who does not grade high on all of the factors of a Pleasing Personality.

8. SYMPATHY AND UNDERSTANDING. The successful leader must be in sympathy with his followers. Moreover, he must understand them and their problems

Be a Leader: How to Change People Without Giving Offense or Arousing Resentment

A leader's job often includes changing your people's attitudes and behavior. Some suggestions to accomplish this:
-Begin with praise and honest appreciation.
-Call attention to people's mistakes indirectly.
-Talk about your own mistakes before criticizing the other person.
-Ask questions instead of giving direct orders.
-Let the other person save face.
-Praise the slightest improvement and praise every improvement. Be "hearty in your approbation and lavish in your praise."
-Give the other person a fine reputation to live up to.
-Use encouragement. Make the fault seem easy to correct.
-Make the other person happy about doing the thing you suggest

Win people to your way of thinking....

-The only way to get the best of an argument is to avoid it.
-Show respect for the other person's opinions. Never say, "You're wrong."
-If you are wrong, admit it quickly and emphatically.
-Begin in a friendly way.
-Get the other person saying "yes, yes" immediately.
-Let the other person do a great deal of the talking.
-Let the other person feel that the idea is his or hers.
-Try honestly to see things from the other person's point of view.
-Be sympathetic with the other person's ideas and desires.
-Appeal to the nobler motives.
-Dramatize your ideas.
-Throw down a challenge.

Six ways to make people like you.....

-Become genuinely interested in other people.
-Smile.
-Remember that a person's name is to that person the sweetest and most important sound in any language.
-Be a good listener. Encourage others to talk about themselves.
-Talk in terms of the other person's interests.
-Make the other person feel important - and do it sincerely.

Fundamental Techniques in Handling People

-Don't criticize, condemn or complain.
-Give honest and sincere appreciation.
-Arouse in the other person an eager want.

WHAT IS A MEASUREMENT SYSTEM?

MEASUREMENT SYSTEM is a Process to assign a number or decision to a characteristic.

In this Process following factors are present: Appraiser, Checking Method, Instrument, Environment.
E.g, OD checking, Concentricity checking.

STATISTICAL PROPERTIES OF MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
IDEAL MEASUREMENT SYSTEM IS THE ONE: That would produce only correct measurements each time it was used. That would always agree with a standard. The Quality of a measurement system is determined solely by the statistical data produced over time.

A “GOOD” MEASUREMENT SYSTEM IS THE ONE: Adequate Discrimination and Sensitivity. The measurement system ought to be in Statistical control, only under the influence of common causes, not Special causes.

For Product control, the variability of the measurement system must be small compared to the specification limits. For Process control, the variability of the measurement system must be small compared to the manufacturing process variation.

CRITERIA FOR A MEASUREMENT PROCESS DESIGN SELECTION

1 Who should be part of the team for “ Need” analysis?
2 How the measurement will be used? Is it for control, sorting, Qualification, indication, etc.?
3 What level of sensitivity will be required?
4 What is product specification?
5 What is the expected process variability?
6 What type of information required to be provided along with the gage?
7 What basic operators training required? Who will do the training?
8 How the measurement will be taken? (Manual, Automatic, offline, conveyor, etc.,)
9 Contact or non-contact?
10 How to calibrate? Who will calibrate?
11 When and where the measurement will be taken?
12 Will the part is clean, oily, hot, etc.?
13 What will be the frequency of use?
14 What will be calibration frequency?
15 Will the temperature difference between master used for setting and the part measured is significant?

MEASUREMENT ISSUES

Measurement system errors are classified as following five categories:
· Bias
· Stability
· Linearity
· Repeatability
· Reproducibility

APPLICATIONS OF THE ABOVE STUDIES PROVIDE THE FOLLOWING:

· A criterion to accept the new measuring equipment/ system
· A comparison of one measuring system against another
· A basis for evaluating a gage suspected of being deficient
· A comparison for measuring equipment before and after repair

MSA -Measurement System Analysis

The decision to adjust a manufacturing process or not is now commonly based on measurement data. Another use of measurement data is to determine if a significant relationship exists between two or more variables. Studies that explore such relationship are called analytical studies. In general, an analytic study is one that increases knowledge about the system of causes that affect the process. Analytic studies are among the most important uses of measurement data because they lead ultimately to better understanding of processes.

The benefit of using a data based procedure is largely determined by the quality of the measurement data used. To ensure that the benefit derived from using measurement data is great enough to warrant the cost of obtaining it, attention must be focused on the quality of the data.

Much of the variation in a set of measurements is due to the interaction between the measurement system and its environment. If the interaction generates too much variation, then the quality of the data may be so low that the data are not useful. For example, a measurement system with a large amount of variation may not be appropriate for use in analyzing a manufacturing process because the measurement system’s variation may mask the variation in the manufacturing process.

Much of the work of managing a measurement system is directed at monitoring and controlling variation. Among other things, this means that emphasis must be placed on learning how the measurement system interacts with its environment so that only data of acceptable quality are generated.

Most variation is undesirable. But there are some important exceptions. For instance, if the variation is due to small changes in the characteristic being measured, then it is usually considered desirable. The more sensitive a measurement system is to that kind of change, the more desirable the system becomes because it is a more sensitive measurement system.

If the quality of the data is not acceptable, then it must be improved. This is usually accomplished by improving the measurement system, rather than by improving the data themselves.